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Asia-Pacific MDG Progress under threat from global economic crisis

ESCAP, ADB and UNDP joint report calls for strengthening social protection

• Related: Countdown to 2015: Some MDG success stories

Manila (UN ESCAP Information Services) - A joint report by the United Nations and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) warns that the global economic crisis could trap an additional 21 million people in the Asia-Pacific region in extreme poverty, living on less than $1.25 a day.

Achieving the Millennium Development Goals in an Era of Global Uncertainty: Asia-Pacific Regional Report 2009/10, launched today in Manila, examines the toll that the global economic crisis has taken on progress towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in the Asia-Pacific region.  Produced by United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), ADB and the UN Development Programme (UNDP), the report  identifies opportunities for action – showing how countries of Asia and the Pacific can better protect themselves from this and future crises.

“This report shows that, while we are at a moment of crisis for the MDGs we also have an opportunity,” says Noeleen Heyzer, UN Under-Secretary-General and Executive Secretary of ESCAP at the report launch.  “As this crisis has exposed many vulnerabilities in the region -we can now address them and direct this recovery towards a stronger sustainable development path for the Asia-Pacific region.”

"Most stimulus measures have focused on areas other than social expenditures," says Ursula Schaefer-Preuss, ADB Vice President. "If we are to address the human impacts of the economic slowdown and achieve the MDGs, then social spending needs to be stepped up substantially."

"Asia has much weaker social protection compared to other regions such as Latin America and Eastern Europe,” says Ajay Chhibber, UNDP Regional Director for Asia and the Pacific and UN Assistant Secretary-General. “Without better protection people fall back into poverty with economic crisis,  health pandemics and natural disasters and cannot recover easily,  making the achievement of MDGs more difficult."

The report notes that long-term social protection can actually strengthen Asia’s resilience against future shocks. Yet the report finds that across the region, only 20 per cent of the unemployed and underemployed have access to labour market programmes such as unemployment benefits, and only 30 per cent of older people receive pensions.

If fiscal stimulus packages have a strong component of social expenditures, notes the report, this is likely to produce a double dividend – not only boosting growth more rapidly but also accelerating progress towards the MDGs.

Prior to the economic crisis, the region as a whole had been making notable gains, including being on track to achieve three important targets: gender parity in secondary education, ensuring universal access of children to primary school, and halving the proportion of people living below the $1.25-a-day poverty line.  However, the economic crisis undermined the momentum.

Asia and the Pacific is still the home to the largest number – more than 50 per cent – of people, both rural and urban, without basic sanitation, of under-5 children who are underweight, of people infected with TB, of people living on less than $1.25 a day, and of rural people without access to clean water, according to the report.

It notes that in 2009 the crisis trapped up to an additional 17 million people in extreme poverty, and in 2010, another 4 million, giving a total of 21 million or roughly the equivalent to the population of Australia.  

The most adversely affected segment of the population is women, who constitute the majority of Asia’s low-skilled, low-salaried, and temporary workforce that can easily be laid off during economic downturns.  Moreover the crisis has reduced the demand for migrant labour – and women form nearly two-thirds of the total Asian migrant population.

The report points to opportunities for the region to protect itself and the MDG progress from future crisis though regional cooperation. Regional cooperation would also be particularly valuable for the trade in food, and could include grain banks that are maintained in each country but readily accessible to others, notes the report.

Expanding Asian monetary and financial coordination would be particularly useful to reduce external shocks such as with the global financial crisis.  While fiscal stimulus is the most practical way of filling the gap left by declining exports, in the medium and long term, countries will need to generate domestic demand in a more sustainable way.

Countries can consider diversifying their export markets to become less dependent on demand in the West, suggests the report. They can boost trade within the region by liberalizing trade regimes and improving transport links, simplifying customs and inspection procedures.

By lowering trade barriers and creating more opportunity for the Asia-Pacific region to invest within itself, there can be a greater insulation against such crisis in the future. 

Achieving the Millennium Development Goals in an Era of Global Uncertainty: Asia-Pacific Regional Report 2009/10 is the fourth regional MDG report for Asia and the Pacific produced by the three agencies. 

Countdown to 2015: Some MDG success stories

1. By abolishing school fees, introducing double shifts in schools, scaling up teacher recruitment and other measures, Tanzania almost doubled its national enrolment rate between 1999 (50 per cent) and 2006 (98 per cent), decreasing the number of out-of-school children of primary school age from over 3 million to under 150,000.
2. Bangladesh closed the gender gap in both primary and secondary education within a decade by 2005, by among other things, providing incentives conditional on school attendance - girls from poor households received secondary school tuition fees exemptions and stipends, while disadvantaged families received grain rations if they sent their children to primary school.
3. In Rwanda a majority of women (56 per cent) were elected to parliament in 2008, owing in great part to political will to empower women both economically and politically, including a constitution that requires that at least 30 per cent of all parliamentary and cabinet seats are reserved for women.
   Women’s participation in the political process has been boosted by quotas for women in parliaments in other countries such as Argentina, Burundi, Costa Rica, Mozambique, Nepal, Uganda and Tanzania.
4. Eritrea’s under-5 child mortality rate was more than halved from 1990 to 2007, through a mix of neonatal care; an integrated approach to children’s health at the community level including vaccinations, vitamin A supplement and handwashing campaigns; reconstruction of health facilities, training of health workers, and increased provision of drugs and equipment.
5. In Uganda, the ‘ABC’ (abstain, be faithful, use condoms) AIDS prevention campaign, sex education programmes in schools and on radio, public discussion of causes of HIV and other broad based measures, helped reduce the adult prevalence rate from 15 per cent in the early 1990s to 5.4 per cent in 2007. Anti retroviral drugs have been available free of charge in the country since 2004.
6. Eritrea, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe and Zambia have reduced the number of reported malaria cases and deaths by 50 per cent through scaling up key interventions such as insecticide-treated bednets, access to combined therapy drugs, indoor spraying and preventive treatment of pregnant women.
7. By investing in water infrastructure, Mali increased the percentage of both rural and urban dwellers with access to at least one water point from 55 per cent in 1998 to 84 per cent in 2002.

Related files

MDG Regional Report 2009_10 Asia and Pacific.pdf	[View]	[Save]
Achieving the Millennium Development Goals in an Era of Global Uncertainty: Asia-Pacific Regional Report 2009/10